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consciousness of one's own being。 Two things must be distinguished in consciousness; first; the

fact that I know; secondly; what I know。 In self consciousness these are merged in one; for

Spirit knows itself。 It involves an appreciation of its own nature; as also an energy enabling it to

realise itself; to make itself actually that which it is potentially。 According to this abstract definition

it may be said of Universal History; that it is the exhibition of Spirit in the process of working out

the knowledge of that which it is potentially。 And as the germ bears in itself the whole nature of the

tree; and the taste and form of its fruits; so do the first traces of Spirit virtually contain the whole of

that History。 The Orientals have not attained the knowledge that Spirit — Man as such — is free;

and because they do not know this they are not free。 They only know that one is free。 But on this

very account; the freedom of that one is only caprice; ferocity — brutal recklessness or passion; or

a mildness and tameness of the desires; which is itself only an accident of Nature — mere caprice

like the former。 — That one is therefore only a Despot; not a free man。 The consciousness of

Freedom first arose among the Greeks; and therefore they were free; but they; and the Romans

likewise; knew only that some are free; — not man as such。 Even Plato and Aristotle did not know

this。 The Greeks; therefore; had slaves; and their whole life and the maintenance of their splendid

liberty; was implicated with the institution of slavery: a fact moreover; which made that liberty on

the one hand only an accidental; transient and limited growth; on the other hand; constituted i

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